Version 1.2, November 2002

Copyright (C)
2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,

MA 02110-1301
USA

Everyone is
permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies

of this license
document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or
without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this
License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their
work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements
the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should
come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual
work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed
book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.

1.
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide,
royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the
conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such
manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
“you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the
work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications
and/or translated into another language.

A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter
section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to
related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that
overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a
Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a
matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that
says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not
fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated
as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most
5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable
copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with
generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs
or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable
for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise
Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged
to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text.
A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a
publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF
designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read
and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes
only.

The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not
have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the
most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the
body of the text.

A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific
section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”,

“Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the
Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it
remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers
are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards
disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers
may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM
COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the
license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in
all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this
License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may
accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN
QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license
notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must
present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network
location from which the general network-using public has access to download
using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the
Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in
quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at
the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute
an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a
chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the
conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified
Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the
role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the
Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do
these things in the Modified Version:

1. Use in the
   Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
   Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were
   any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the
   same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version
   gives permission.
2. List on the
   Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
   authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at
   least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
   authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this
   requirement.
3. State on the
   Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
   publisher.
4. Preserve all
   the copyright notices of the Document.
5. Add an
   appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other
   copyright notices.
6. Include,
   immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the
   public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
   License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
7. Preserve in
   that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required
   Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
8. Include an
   unaltered copy of this License.
9. Preserve the
   section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an
   item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
   Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section
   Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the
   title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title
   Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
   previous sentence.
10. Preserve the
    network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a
    Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given
    in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed
    in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a
    work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or
    if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
11. For any section
    Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve
    the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance
    and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications
    given therein.
12. Preserve all
    the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in
    their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of
    the section titles.
13. Delete any
    section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be
    included in the Modified Version.
14. Do not retitle
    any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to
    conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
15. Preserve any
    Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices
that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the
Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as
invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in
the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it
contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties–for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been
approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover
Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of
Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one
entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting
on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on
explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply
endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING
DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,
provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of
all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are
multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the
title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses,
the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else
a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
“History” in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
“Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled
“Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled
“Endorsements.”

6.
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License
in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,
provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each
of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and
independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution
medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the
compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users
beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an
aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate
which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of
the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire
aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the
Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the
Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers
that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant
Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright
holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in
addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include
a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and
any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English
version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers.
In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,

“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,
sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate
your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or
rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so
long as such parties remain in full compliance.

10.
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar
in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or
any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the
terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version
that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
just after the title page:

Copyright (c) YEAR
YOUR NAME.

Permission is
granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of
the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant
Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled “GNU

Free Documentation
License”.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:

with the Invariant
Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

Front-Cover Texts
being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend
releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software
license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free
software.